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| Venetic | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Northeastern Italy | |
| Language extinction: | 1st century AD | |
| Language family: | Indo-European Venetic | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | ine | |
| ISO 639-3: | xve | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
This article is about the extinct Venetic language. For the modern day Romance language, see Venetian language. See also Veneti for other uses of "Venetic".
Venetic is an extinct Indo-European language that was spoken in ancient times in the Veneto region of Italy, between the Po River delta and the southern fringe of the Alps.
The language is attested by over 300 short inscriptions dating between the 6th century BC and 1st century. Its speakers are identified with the ancient people called Veneti by the Romans and Enetoi by the Greek. It became extinct around the 1st century when the local inhabitants were assimilated into the Roman sphere.
Venetic should not be confused with Venetian, a Romance language presently spoken in the same general region.
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Venetic is a centum language. The inscriptions use a variety of the Northern Italic alphabet, similar to the Old Italic alphabet.
The most prominent scholars who have deciphered Venetic inscriptions or otherwise contributed to the knowledge of the Venetic language are Carl Pauli, Hans Krahe, Giovan Battista Pellegrini, Aldo Luigi Prosdocimi and Michel Lejeune. In recent years, Loredana Calzavara Capuis and Anna Maria Chieco Bianchi have further contributed to Venetic studies.
The exact relationship of Venetic to other Indo-European languages is still being investigated, but the majority of scholars agree that Venetic, aside from Liburnian, was closest to the Italic languages (a group that includes Latin, Oscan and Umbrian). Venetic may also have been related to the Illyrian languages once spoken in the western Balkans, though the theory that Illyrian and Venetic were closely related is debated by current scholarship.
Some important parallels with the Germanic languages have also been noted, especially in pronominal forms:
For a detailed discussion on the position of Venetic within Indo-European, see Lejeune (1974; Chapitre VIII: La position du vénète, p. 163-173).
Venetic had about six or even seven noun cases and four conjugations (similar to Latin). About 60 words are known, but some were borrowed from Latin (liber.tos. < libertus) or Etruscan. Many of them show a clear Indo-European origin, such as vhraterei < PIE *bhraterei = to the brother.
In Venetic, PIE stops *bh, *dh and *gh developed to /f/, /f/ and /h/, respectively, in word-initial position (as in Latin and Osco-Umbrian), but to /b/, /d/ and /g/, respectively, in word-internal intervowel position (as in Latin). For Venetic, at least the developments of *bh and *dh are clearly attested. Faliscan and Osco-Umbrian have /f/, /f/ and /h/ internally as well.
There are also indications of the developments of PIE *gw- > w-, PIE *kw > *kv and PIE *gwh- > f- in Venetic, all of which are parallel to Latin, as well as the regressive assimilation of PIE sequence *p...kw... > *kw...kw..., a feature also found in Italic and Celtic (Lejeune 1974: 141-144).
A sample inscription in Venetic, found on a bronze nail at Este (Es 45):
Another inscription, found on a situla (vessel such as an urn or bucket) at Cadore (Ca 4 Valle):
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